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Big Y Ties Deli Ordering to One Cart
2026-10-26博晓通-门店运营顾问-周敏

Big Y Ties Deli Ordering to One Cart

Big Y Ties Deli Ordering to One Cart article image

Big Y, a regional grocer with roughly 70 stores across Massachusetts and Connecticut, has added omnichannel ordering for its foodservice counters. Shoppers can now build a deli or prepared-food order in the same digital cart as their groceries instead of calling the store or queuing at the counter. The change looks small. In practice it removes one of the last manual handoffs in the grocery trip, and it puts a number on a department that has never been measured well.

The counter was the last analog step

A grocery order assembled in an app still ends at a service counter for most shoppers who want sliced turkey or a hot meal. That handoff creates a queue, a wait and a substitution conversation. Grocery Dive, which means the counter order now enters the same pick path as the rest of the basket, and the picker collects it like any other item.

The operational detail that decides whether this works is timing. A deli item has to be ready when the picker arrives, not when the order is placed. Stores that batch counter production against pickup slots report far fewer missed items than stores that produce on demand. The software can schedule the order, but only the store can schedule the slicer.

What shoppers do differently

Order size and timing both shift

When a counter order moves into the app, two behaviors change. Order size rises, because the shopper can see the full menu and add sides without holding up a line. Order timing shifts earlier, because the decision no longer requires standing in front of a display case. Both changes are good for the basket and awkward for labor, since the earlier order compresses the production window into the morning.

There is also a substitution problem that does not exist in the aisle. If the rotisserie chicken is gone, a picker can offer another flavor; if the custom sandwich cannot be made, the whole line item fails. Retailers that pre-define acceptable substitutes for prepared items see fewer cancellations than those that leave it to the picker's judgment.

Measuring a department that was never measured

Funnel data that was never collected

Deli and prepared food have historically been managed on shrink and gross margin, not on conversion. Once the order enters a digital cart, the department acquires a funnel: views, adds, substitutions, cancellations and repeat rate. That data is uncomfortable at first, because it exposes how often a shopper wanted something the counter could not deliver at the moment they wanted it.

The upside is pricing. Grocery Dive, and a digital counter order can be bundled with staples in a way a paper menu never could. A family meal bundle that includes a prepared main plus two sides and a dessert is easy to merchandise in an app and nearly impossible to merchandise at a counter during a rush.

The labor model underneath

Cross-training over headcount

Prepared food is labor-intensive and the labor is skilled. A digital queue does not reduce the number of sandwiches a store can make per hour; it only changes who waits. What it does reduce is idle time between orders, because production can be scheduled against known demand rather than guessed from foot traffic. Stores that run the counter and the app on separate schedules usually end up with two queues instead of one.

Cross-training matters more than headcount in this model. An associate who can slice, assemble and stage an order for pickup covers three steps that used to require three handoffs. Chains that invested in cross-training before adding digital ordering report smoother launches than chains that added software first and staffing later.

Where this leads for regional grocers

Regional chains cannot outspend national competitors on technology, but they can out-execute on the trip. A deli order that arrives on time, correctly assembled and ready at the pickup shelf is a stronger differentiator than a marginally better app. The advantage compounds because prepared food is the hardest category for a pure e-commerce player to replicate.

The next step most likely to follow is meal planning. Once counter orders are digital, a retailer knows what a household buys for dinner and how often. That history is the raw material for bundles, reminders and subscription-style repeat orders. Grocery Dive for the same reason: the party that owns the dinner decision owns the basket around it.

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It could be worn to school, to practice, and to a restaurant without a change of clothes. Fashion is winning back share by offering the same versatility with more visible identity, which is exactly what a social feed rewards.</p><h3>Where the money moves first</h3><p>The first money to move is usually the second purchase, not the first. A teen who needs new shoes buys the functional pair first and then spends the discretionary budget on a styling piece. Retailers watching only the first transaction will see stability while the second transaction is quietly leaving their category.</p><p>Athletic wear solved a real problem and then stopped differentiating. When every brand offers the same fabric story and the same silhouette, the category becomes a price comparison. Fashion, by contrast, refreshes silhouettes every few weeks, which gives shoppers a reason to return before the old item wears out.</p><p>That refresh cycle is expensive to run. <a href="https://www.retaildive.com/news/adidas-record-q3-earnings-nike-turnaround/833592/" target="_blank">Retail Dive on the Adidas record quarter</a> shows that performance brands can still grow strongly, but they do it through pricing power and franchise models rather than through novelty. Not every brand can follow that path.</p><p><mark style="background:#024e9a12;">Store fleets are being rebuilt around the same logic, with format and design doing the differentiating that product alone no longer does.</mark><a href="https://www.retaildive.com/news/beyond-yoga-store-strategy-yellow-joy-ceo-nancy-green/833665/" target="_blank">Retail Dive on the Beyond Yoga store strategy</a> describes a fleet built around a distinctive look, which is a bet that environment sells when product parity is high.</p><p>If fashion is winning on novelty, the planning calendar has to shorten. A twelve week buy cycle cannot respond to a silhouette that peaks in four weeks. Retailers that keep the long cycle will be right about the category and wrong about the item, which is the most expensive way to be correct.</p><p>The mitigation is not to chase every trend. It is to build a small fast lane alongside the core buy: a limited number of test items, short lead times, and a clear rule for reordering. The fast lane exists to learn, and the core buy exists to make money.</p><h3>Price points that survive the shift</h3><p>Teen budgets are finite, so a shift toward fashion usually means fewer items per purchase rather than a bigger total. That favors price points that feel like an upgrade without requiring a full wardrobe reset. Mid tier accessories and second pieces tend to absorb the shift before outerwear does.</p><p>If the second purchase is where the shift happens, layout should make the second purchase easy. That means placing styling pieces where the shopper already walks, rather than in a separate zone that requires a decision. Most stores still organize by category, which forces the shopper to think instead of browse.</p><h3>The second purchase test</h3><p>Digital merchandising has the same problem. A category page organized by product type hides the combination that makes fashion interesting. Pages organized by occasion or by look convert better for exactly the shopper the survey describes, because they answer the question the shopper arrived with.</p><p>One quarter is a data point, not a trend. The next survey matters more, and three things are worth watching: whether the fashion share holds through the holiday season, whether athletic wear recovers with a specific product story, and whether the total spending growth survives a weaker job market for young workers.</p><p>The 6 percent figure will be quoted as evidence of a resilient teen consumer. The more actionable reading is that the category boundary moved, and boundaries move faster than inventories. Retailers that treat the shift as a mix problem rather than a demand problem will be late by a full season.</p><!--SEO Title: Teen Spending Rises 6 Percent as Fashion Beats Athletic WearMeta Description: Teen spending grew about 6 percent while fashion gained share from athletic apparel. The article explains the mix shift, the assortment problem it creates, and what to watch next.Canonical URL: https://www.bxtdata.com/en/insights/teen-spending-fashion-shift-->
Target Bets On Exclusives And An AI Assistant This Season article image
博晓通-用户增长分析师-吴桐
2026-10-23
Target Bets On Exclusives And An AI Assistant This Season
<p>Target's holiday campaign is betting on an unusual combination: aggressive affordability, exclusive products and an AI assistant guiding shoppers through the season. The retailer is pitching price accessibility alongside limited-run items and a conversational layer that helps customers narrow choices, a triad designed for a holiday shopper who is stressed about budgets but still wants the trip to feel curated. With nearly a third of holiday budgets expected to be spent by the end of October, the strategy has to work fast, and it offers a readable template for how mass retail is folding AI into the most transactional weeks of the year.</p><p>Target's holiday push rests on affordability, exclusives and an AI assistant. <mark style="background:#024e9a12;">Target's holiday push stresses affordability, exclusives and an AI assistant</mark><a href="https://www.modernretail.co/marketing/targets-holiday-push-stresses-affordability-exclusives-and-an-ai-assistant/" target="_blank">来源</a>, with each lever aimed at a different failure mode of the holiday shopper. Affordability answers the budget anxiety documented across recent spending outlooks; exclusives give shoppers a reason to choose Target over a marketplace with a wider catalog; and the AI assistant addresses choice overload, the quiet killer of conversion when a category has thousands of near-identical items.</p><p>The combination is deliberate. Exclusive products create the pull, affordability removes the excuse, and the assistant closes the gap between browsing and deciding. In a season where shoppers are consolidating trips, a retailer that can compress the decision process inside its own app keeps the basket from leaking to search engines and marketplaces.</p><h3>Where an AI assistant actually helps</h3><p>The assistant's realistic value is in guided narrowing. Holiday shopping fails most often at the middle of the funnel, where a shopper knows the recipient and the budget but not the product. An assistant that asks two or three questions and produces a shortlist does more for conversion than any recommendation widget, because it reduces the cognitive cost of choosing. The risk is over-promising: shoppers forgive a bad suggestion, but not a confident wrong one.</p><p>The timing pressure is real. Research shows <mark style="background:#024e9a12;">nearly 30% of holiday budgets are expected to be spent by the end of October</mark><a href="https://www.modernretail.co/operations/nearly-30-of-holiday-budgets-expected-to-be-spent-by-the-end-of-october/" target="_blank">来源</a>, which means the highest-stakes weeks of the season are already underway. Campaigns that depend on gradual awareness-building lose their window; retailers need levers that convert immediately. Exclusives and AI-assisted discovery both qualify, because they change the shopping experience on first contact rather than requiring repeated exposure.</p><p>Marketers themselves are planning for a season defined by efficiency. Modern Retail research found <mark style="background:#024e9a12;">marketers expressing revenue optimism for the 2026 holiday season despite economic pressures</mark><a href="https://www.modernretail.co/marketing/modern-retail-research-marketers-express-revenue-optimism-for-the-2026-holiday-season-despite-economic-pressures/" target="_blank">来源</a>, with spend shifting toward channels that can be tied to conversion. An in-app assistant sits squarely in that category, since every interaction it facilitates is attributable.</p><h3>What to measure</h3><p>Three metrics will determine whether the assistant earns its place in the stack. First, assisted conversion rate versus unassisted browsing in the same categories. Second, average order value for assisted sessions, since guided discovery should lift basket size through better matching rather than discounting. Third, containment: how often the assistant resolves the request without the shopper falling back to search or abandoning the session. If containment is low, the feature is a novelty rather than an asset.</p><p>The competitive response splits into two camps. Some retailers are pushing price transparency and gift bundles as their holiday anchor, with Kohl's leaning into clearer pricing and same-day delivery through Uber Eats. Others are investing in AI layers of their own, betting that guided discovery is the next loyalty surface. Both camps agree on the premise: convenience, not assortment, is what retains the holiday shopper.</p><p>The marketplace players add pressure from the other direction. TikTok Shop is scaling content and creator operations for what it expects to be its biggest holiday season, pulling discovery demand toward social feeds. A retailer assistant is, in part, a defensive answer to that shift: if the journey starts inside the app, the marketplace never gets the query.</p><p>Target's triad is a useful template because it is honest about the holiday shopper's actual state: budget-constrained, time-poor and overwhelmed by choice. Affordability, exclusives and guided AI each solve one of those problems, and none of them requires new real estate. For operators watching from outside, the lesson is to match the lever to the failure mode rather than adopting AI for its own sake. The season will reward retailers that shorten the distance between wanting and buying.</p><h3>The honest limit of the assistant play</h3><p>The limit of the assistant strategy is execution quality. Shoppers will forgive a bad suggestion, but not a confident wrong one, and an assistant that erodes trust in the holiday cart does more damage than no assistant at all. Target's version will ultimately be judged on whether it narrows choices honestly, which is a far harder engineering problem than shipping the feature itself.</p><!--SEO Title: Target Bets On Exclusives And An AI Assistant This SeasonMeta Description: Target is pairing affordability, exclusive products and an AI assistant for the holidays. What the strategy reveals about compressed holiday calendars and AI-assisted discovery.Canonical URL: https://www.bxtdata.com/insights/target-holiday-ai-assistant-exclusives-->
NRF Forecasts A Trillion Dollar Season article image
博晓通-电商数据研究员-张宁
2026-10-23
NRF Forecasts A Trillion Dollar Season
<p>The National Retail Federation expects holiday spending may top one trillion dollars this season, with consumers proving resilient despite higher prices. NRF president and CEO Matthew Shay said shoppers have remained steady through the year despite macroeconomic headwinds, while the group acknowledged that inflation is inflating nominal growth, with higher diesel and memory prices pressuring gifting categories such as electronics<a href="https://www.retaildive.com/news/nrf-forecasts-2026-holiday-sales-growth-seasonal-hiring/833239/" target="_blank"> (Retail Dive)</a>. A trillion dollars is a milestone worth noting, but the more useful question is what is inside the number.</p><p>Holiday sales figures are nominal, which means they combine volume and price. When diesel and memory prices rise, the same physical volume of gifts produces a larger dollar total. That does not make the forecast wrong; it makes it a measure of turnover rather than of shopper enthusiasm. Reading it as proof of strong demand is the most common mistake analysts make with this number every year.</p><p>The composition matters more than the total. Electronics, a core gifting category, faces cost pressure from memory pricing, which tends to push shoppers toward lower spec devices or toward accessories instead of hero products. Apparel and home have their own dynamics. A single aggregate number hides all of this, which is why category level forecasts are more actionable for planning than the headline.</p><h3>Online Share</h3><p>Ecommerce keeps taking a larger share of holiday spend, and the mechanics are now well understood: convenience, price transparency and a wider assortment than any store can hold. The marginal growth, however, increasingly comes from speed rather than from breadth. Same day and next day promises have moved from premium options to baseline expectations in metro areas.</p><h3>Returns As A Cost Centre</h3><p>Returns are the hidden line in every holiday forecast. UPS is bringing its Happy Returns service into TikTok Shop, with retailers including Pacsun and Everlane using the integration ahead of the post holiday returns rush<a href="https://www.supplychaindive.com/news/ups-happy-returns-comes-to-tiktok-shop/832990/" target="_blank"> (Supply Chain Dive)</a>. Making returns easier raises conversion, but it also raises the volume of reverse logistics that has to be absorbed in January, when seasonal staffing has already gone.</p><p>Amazon is adding roughly 300,000 US seasonal roles this holiday, a 20 percent increase over the past three seasons, a standout in a year when many retailers are hiring fewer workers or declining to disclose plans<a href="https://www.retaildive.com/news/amazon-eyes-three-hundred-thousand-holiday-season-hires/833567/" target="_blank"> (Retail Dive)</a>. Hiring is a leading indicator of expected volume, and the divergence between Amazon and the rest of the field suggests that the largest players expect to absorb a disproportionate share of the season.</p><p>That divergence has a second order effect. Retailers that under hire protect margin in the short term but risk service failures during peak weeks, and service failures during peak are expensive to repair because they land in reviews that persist for months. The labour decision is therefore a brand decision, not only a cost decision.</p><h3>Price Architecture</h3><p>With inflation still visible in gifting categories, price architecture matters more than discount depth. Clear entry price points, honest bundle values and a visible mid tier give shoppers a way to trade down without feeling penalised. Retailers that only cut prices at the top end tend to lose the middle, which is where most holiday volume actually sits.</p><h3>Fulfilment Promises</h3><p>Every promise published in November becomes a service level obligation in December. Cut off dates, delivery windows and pickup readiness should be set from measured capacity, not from aspiration. The cheapest way to protect a trillion dollar season is to promise slightly less than you can deliver, then over deliver on the days that matter.</p><p>Operators should convert the headline into three working numbers: expected units by category, expected return rate by category, and expected labour hours per thousand orders. Those three drive the budget. The trillion dollar figure drives the press release. Confusing the two is how planning cycles get set to a number nobody can act on.</p><p>BXT’s ecommerce analytics work treats forecasts as a starting envelope rather than a target. The value comes from the decomposition: which categories, which weeks, which channels. A forecast that cannot be broken down cannot be used, however impressive it sounds in a headline.</p><p>If spending tops a trillion dollars while real volumes stay flat, the story of the season is price, not demand. That distinction will shape next year’s assortment decisions, promotional calendars and supplier negotiations. Retailers that record the split between volume and price this year will have a real advantage when they plan the next one.</p><p>The forecast, in other words, is a prompt rather than a conclusion. It says the money will move. It does not say where, and it certainly does not say who captures it. That work still belongs to the operators who measure their own data rather than borrowing a headline.</p><!--SEO Title: NRF Forecasts A Trillion Dollar SeasonMeta Description: NRF expects holiday spending may top one trillion dollars as consumers stay resilient and inflation inflates nominal growth. What is inside the number, where growth comes from, and how operators should plan.Canonical URL: https://www.bxtdata.com/insights/nrf-forecasts-a-trillion-dollar-season-->
A beauty chain bets on a store that sells a feeling article image
博晓通-铺货监测分析师-周敏
2026-10-25
A beauty chain bets on a store that sells a feeling
<p>Bath and Body Works has introduced a new store concept that reorganizes the shopping trip around how the visit feels rather than how the shelves are stocked. The chain is testing the format while its core mall business faces softer traffic, which makes the design decision a commercial one rather than a cosmetic refresh. For anyone running physical stores, the case is worth reading closely, because it shows where a sensory format earns its rent and where it quietly destroys the economics of a mid-size box.</p><p>The format moves away from a wall of product and toward a sequence of zones, each with its own scent and lighting. The logic is that a shopper who is browsing by mood will stay longer than a shopper who is browsing by SKU. Longer dwell time usually converts into a larger basket in categories where the product is inexpensive and easy to add.</p><p>That logic holds only if the zones are legible. A shopper who cannot tell where the hand soap ends and the candle begins will walk out without buying either. The design has to do the work that signage used to do, which means the visual language must be consistent enough that people learn it within one visit.</p><p>The most consequential change is usually circulation. When a store is organized by mood, the path through the space becomes the merchandising plan, and the path is harder to change than a shelf. That reduces the ability to react to a trend quickly, because moving a zone costs more than moving a display.</p><p>The second change is labor. Sensory formats need more attention per square meter: refilling testers, keeping surfaces clean, managing scent intensity. <mark>Higher labor per square meter is the hidden cost of any sensory store format</mark>, and it only pays back when dwell time and basket size rise together. Format changes of this kind are tracked in <a href="https://www.retaildive.com/news/gen-z-gen-alpha-holiday-shopping-retail-trends/831838/" target="_blank">report</a> on how younger shoppers browse, and chains that copy the look without funding the labor usually see costs rise and sales stay flat.</p><h3>Why the format suits this category</h3><p>Beauty and home fragrance are low-consideration, high-impulse categories. The shopper rarely arrives with a precise list, and the decision is made in the aisle. That makes the environment part of the product, which is exactly the condition under which a sensory format can outperform a conventional one.</p><h3>What the staff actually do differently</h3><p>In a conventional store the staff restock and ring up. In a sensory format they also curate: they replace testers, reset displays that shoppers have rearranged, and watch for zones that have stopped drawing people in. That curatorial work is invisible in a labor model built on transactions per hour, which is why the format so often looks finished on opening day and tired by week six.</p><p>Three numbers decide whether the format works. The first is sales per square meter, which must rise enough to cover the extra labor. The second is conversion rate, which should improve if the zones are legible. The third is attachment rate, meaning how many items a shopper adds beyond the one that brought them in.</p><p>If only the third number moves, the format is a merchandising tweak with a capital cost. If all three move, it is a genuine format change. Retailers testing similar concepts usually give the store two full seasonal cycles before deciding, because the first cycle is distorted by novelty traffic.</p><h3>Where this format breaks</h3><p>It breaks in large boxes. A sensory format depends on a shopper being able to perceive the whole store quickly, and that perception collapses past a certain size. It also breaks in locations with high tourist turnover, where shoppers never learn the visual language because they only visit once.</p><p>The transferable part is the discipline of designing the path before the planogram. Most stores still design the shelf first and hope the path follows, which is why so many renovations produce a cleaner store with the same sales. The part to skip is the assumption that atmosphere can substitute for assortment.</p><p>A sensory format raises the ceiling on a good assortment. It cannot rescue a weak one. That distinction matters because the cost of the format is permanent while the benefit depends on product, and product decisions are usually made by a different team than store design. Chains that separate those decisions tend to end up with expensive stores and average results.</p><p>The concept is a reasonable bet for a category where the purchase is emotional and the basket is built by addition. The test will not be whether shoppers describe the store as pleasant. It will be whether sales per square meter and attachment rate rise enough to pay for the labor the format requires.</p><!--SEO Title: Bath and Body Works new store concept and the economics of sensory retailMeta Description: Bath and Body Works is testing a store format built around mood and scent. This analysis covers dwell time, labor per square meter, attachment rate and where the format breaks.Canonical URL: https://www.bxtdata.com/en/insights/bath-body-works-sensory-store-format-economics-->
EBay trims headcount again as fee economics reset article image
博晓通-电商数据研究员-吴桐
2026-10-25
EBay trims headcount again as fee economics reset
<p>EBay is cutting about 1,000 roles, its second round of layoffs this year. Two rounds in twelve months is not a cost program, it is an admission that the operating model needs a different shape. For a marketplace that once defined online resale, the question is no longer how to grow faster than rivals. It is how to stay relevant when discovery moves to assistants and when new entrants own the categories that used to be its core.</p><p>First rounds are usually about removing duplication after an acquisition or trimming a pandemic era build out. Second rounds are about structure. When a company returns to the same lever within a year, the underlying revenue per employee has not recovered, which means the problem sits in the mix of categories and the take rate rather than in overhead. <a href="https://www.retaildive.com/news/ebay-cuts-one-thousand-jobs-layoffs-downsizing/833668/" target="_blank">EBay layoffs</a></p><p>The timing is also telling. The cut lands just before the peak season, when marketplaces normally add support capacity rather than remove it. Management is signaling that it would rather protect margin through the peak than chase volume. That is a rational choice for a mature platform, and a difficult one for sellers who depend on support responsiveness in November.</p><p>Marketplaces earn from three sources: take rate on transactions, advertising, and services to sellers. All three are under pressure at once. Take rate faces resistance because sellers can compare fees across more channels than ever. Advertising faces resistance because retail media inventory has multiplied. Services face resistance because third party tools now do what platforms used to bundle. <a href="https://www.retaildive.com/news/monthly-retail-sales-from-the-us-commerce-department/574252/" target="_blank">retail sales data</a></p><p>The category mix compounds the problem. Higher prices pushed September retail sales up 6.7 percent over last year, but the increase came largely from price rather than units. On a marketplace, a price driven sales number with flat units means the same gross merchandise value generates less shipping volume, less ancillary fee revenue and more price sensitivity from buyers.</p><h3>Take rate pressure</h3><p>Sellers evaluate a channel on total cost of sale, not on commission alone. When fulfilment, returns and advertising are added, the effective take rate on some categories approaches the point where a direct to consumer store becomes cheaper. Platforms respond with fee changes, but every change redistributes margin between categories and invites sellers to shift assortment elsewhere. <a href="https://www.retaildive.com/news/adidas-record-q3-earnings-nike-turnaround/833592/" target="_blank">Adidas Q3 results</a></p><h3>Category mix</h3><p>Resale, collectibles and parts have loyal buyers and low return rates, which is why they survive fee pressure. Fashion and electronics have higher return rates and more price transparency, which makes them expensive to host. A marketplace that cannot choose its mix ends up subsidizing the expensive categories with the durable ones, and that subsidy eventually shows up as layoffs.</p><h3>Buyer acquisition</h3><p>Acquiring a buyer is more expensive when discovery fragments. Search, social, video and now assistants all compete for the same attention, and each channel requires its own creative and its own measurement. For a platform without a membership flywheel, that cost recurs every season rather than compounding into loyalty.</p><p>Adidas posted a record third quarter while Nike continues to work through an uneven turnaround, which is the same story at brand level. Execution and category positioning decide outcomes more than the macro environment does. A platform facing structural pressure cannot blame the cycle alone, because competitors in the same cycle are growing.</p><p>For sellers, that means channel concentration is now a real risk. A marketplace that is restructuring twice a year will change fee structures, support levels and promotional terms. Sellers who have built their entire economics around one platform are exposed to decisions they do not control. Diversification is expensive, but so is dependence.</p><p>Expect three things over the next two quarters: fee rebalancing toward categories the platform wants to keep, tighter enforcement of listing quality, and reduced human support in favor of automated resolution. The third is the one that hurts most in peak season, because automated resolution handles standard cases well and unusual cases badly.</p><p>The practical response is to reduce the number of unusual cases. Clean listings, accurate attributes and clear return policies cut the volume of exceptions. Sellers who invest in that discipline will find the automated systems work in their favor. Sellers who do not will experience the restructuring as a service outage rather than a cost change.</p><!--SEO Title: EBay trims headcount again as fee economics resetMeta Description: EBay is cutting about 1000 roles for the second time this year. Take rate pressure, category mix and buyer acquisition costs explain why the marketplace model is being repriced.Canonical URL: https://www.bxtdata.com/en/insights/ebay-second-restructuring-marketplace-repricing-->